S
SSP1
Sustainability – Taking the Green Road (Low challenges to mitigation and adaptation)
The world shifts gradually, but pervasively, toward a more sustainable path, emphasizing more inclusive development that respects perceived environmental boundaries. Management of the global commons slowly improves, educational and health investments accelerate the demographic transition, and the emphasis on economic growth shifts toward a broader emphasis on human well-being. Driven by an increasing commitment to achieving development goals, inequality is reduced both across and within countries. Consumption is oriented toward low material growth and lower resource and energy intensity. Read More
The world shifts gradually, but pervasively, toward a more sustainable path, emphasizing more inclusive development that respects perceived environmental boundaries. Management of the global commons slowly improves, educational and health investments accelerate the demographic transition, and the emphasis on economic growth shifts toward a broader emphasis on human well-being. Driven by an increasing commitment to achieving development goals, inequality is reduced both across and within countries. Consumption is oriented toward low material growth and lower resource and energy intensity. Read More
SSP2
Middle of the Road (Medium challenges to mitigation and adaptation)
The world follows a path in which social, economic, and technological trends do not shift markedly from historical patterns. Development and income growth proceeds unevenly, with some countries making relatively good progress while others fall short of expectations. Global and national institutions work toward but make slow progress in achieving sustainable development goals. Environmental systems experience degradation, although there are some improvements and overall the intensity of resource and energy use declines. Global population growth is moderate and levels off in the second half of the century. Income inequality persists or improves only slowly and challenges to reducing vulnerability to societal and environmental changes remain. Read More
The world follows a path in which social, economic, and technological trends do not shift markedly from historical patterns. Development and income growth proceeds unevenly, with some countries making relatively good progress while others fall short of expectations. Global and national institutions work toward but make slow progress in achieving sustainable development goals. Environmental systems experience degradation, although there are some improvements and overall the intensity of resource and energy use declines. Global population growth is moderate and levels off in the second half of the century. Income inequality persists or improves only slowly and challenges to reducing vulnerability to societal and environmental changes remain. Read More
SSP3
Regional Rivalry – A Rocky Road (High challenges to mitigation and adaptation)
A resurgent nationalism, concerns about competitiveness and security, and regional conflicts push countries to increasingly focus on domestic or, at most, regional issues. Policies shift over time to become increasingly oriented toward national and regional security issues. Countries focus on achieving energy and food security goals within their own regions at the expense of broader-based development. Investments in education and technological development decline. Economic development is slow, consumption is material-intensive, and inequalities persist or worsen over time. Population growth is low in industrialized and high in developing countries. A low international priority for addressing environmental concerns leads to strong environmental degradation in some regions. Read More
A resurgent nationalism, concerns about competitiveness and security, and regional conflicts push countries to increasingly focus on domestic or, at most, regional issues. Policies shift over time to become increasingly oriented toward national and regional security issues. Countries focus on achieving energy and food security goals within their own regions at the expense of broader-based development. Investments in education and technological development decline. Economic development is slow, consumption is material-intensive, and inequalities persist or worsen over time. Population growth is low in industrialized and high in developing countries. A low international priority for addressing environmental concerns leads to strong environmental degradation in some regions. Read More
SSP4
Inequality – A Road Divided (Low challenges to mitigation, high challenges to adaptation)
Highly unequal investments in human capital, combined with increasing disparities in economic opportunity and political power, lead to increasing inequalities and stratification both across and within countries. Over time, a gap widens between an internationally-connected society that contributes to knowledge- and capital-intensive sectors of the global economy, and a fragmented collection of lower-income, poorly educated societies that work in a labor intensive, low-tech economy. Social cohesion degrades and conflict and unrest become increasingly common. Technology development is high in the high-tech economy and sectors. The globally connected energy sector diversifies, with investments in both carbon-intensive fuels like coal and unconventional oil, but also low-carbon energy sources. Environmental policies focus on local issues around middle and high income areas. Read More
Highly unequal investments in human capital, combined with increasing disparities in economic opportunity and political power, lead to increasing inequalities and stratification both across and within countries. Over time, a gap widens between an internationally-connected society that contributes to knowledge- and capital-intensive sectors of the global economy, and a fragmented collection of lower-income, poorly educated societies that work in a labor intensive, low-tech economy. Social cohesion degrades and conflict and unrest become increasingly common. Technology development is high in the high-tech economy and sectors. The globally connected energy sector diversifies, with investments in both carbon-intensive fuels like coal and unconventional oil, but also low-carbon energy sources. Environmental policies focus on local issues around middle and high income areas. Read More
SSP5
Fossil-fueled Development – Taking the Highway (High challenges to mitigation, low challenges to adaptation)
This world places increasing faith in competitive markets, innovation and participatory societies to produce rapid technological progress and development of human capital as the path to sustainable development. Global markets are increasingly integrated. There are also strong investments in health, education, and institutions to enhance human and social capital. At the same time, the push for economic and social development is coupled with the exploitation of abundant fossil fuel resources and the adoption of resource and energy intensive lifestyles around the world. All these factors lead to rapid growth of the global economy, while global population peaks and declines in the 21st century. Local environmental problems like air pollution are successfully managed. There is faith in the ability to effectively manage social and ecological systems, including by geo-engineering if necessary. Read More
This world places increasing faith in competitive markets, innovation and participatory societies to produce rapid technological progress and development of human capital as the path to sustainable development. Global markets are increasingly integrated. There are also strong investments in health, education, and institutions to enhance human and social capital. At the same time, the push for economic and social development is coupled with the exploitation of abundant fossil fuel resources and the adoption of resource and energy intensive lifestyles around the world. All these factors lead to rapid growth of the global economy, while global population peaks and declines in the 21st century. Local environmental problems like air pollution are successfully managed. There is faith in the ability to effectively manage social and ecological systems, including by geo-engineering if necessary. Read More
Standardized Precip Index (SPI-6)
Index that compares cumulated precipitation for 6 months with the long term precipitation distribution for the same location and cumulation period. Units: 1
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Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) measures precipitation deficits or excesses over a specified period, standardized to allow comparison across different climates and timescales, used primarily to assess meteorological drought.
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Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI)
An index that standardizes river or streamflow data to detect and monitor hydrological droughts by comparing current streamflow to historical streamflow records.
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Storm surge on coastline - 10 Years
The storm surge hazard map indicates the mean run-up height on the coast for seven return periods. The return periods is 10 years. The map has coastal coverage with points in the countries with storm surge hazard.
Storm surge hazard is modeled only along the coastline. The process involves generating a grid along the coastline and 5km inland. In fact, no backwater effects were modeled, this is only due to the continent's contour map (shapefile) version used to create the grid mentioned on the coastline.
In this project Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones were not included in the hazard assessment process. We considered only tropical cyclones as storms that develop in areas of low pressure over tropical oceans, and that are associated with several hazards such as strong winds and storm surge. These two hazards were assessed at a global level but given that although tropical cyclones are formed along the North Atlantic Ocean but do not occur in Europe, neither strong wings nor storm surge were modeled for European countries. Read More
Storm surge hazard is modeled only along the coastline. The process involves generating a grid along the coastline and 5km inland. In fact, no backwater effects were modeled, this is only due to the continent's contour map (shapefile) version used to create the grid mentioned on the coastline.
In this project Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones were not included in the hazard assessment process. We considered only tropical cyclones as storms that develop in areas of low pressure over tropical oceans, and that are associated with several hazards such as strong winds and storm surge. These two hazards were assessed at a global level but given that although tropical cyclones are formed along the North Atlantic Ocean but do not occur in Europe, neither strong wings nor storm surge were modeled for European countries. Read More
Storm surge on coastline - 100 Years
The storm surge hazard map indicates the mean run-up height on the coast for seven return periods. The return periods is 100 years. The map has coastal coverage with points in the countries with storm surge hazard.
Storm surge hazard is modeled only along the coastline. The process involves generating a grid along the coastline and 5km inland. In fact, no backwater effects were modeled, this is only due to the continent's contour map (shapefile) version used to create the grid mentioned on the coastline.
In this project Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones were not included in the hazard assessment process. We considered only tropical cyclones as storms that develop in areas of low pressure over tropical oceans, and that are associated with several hazards such as strong winds and storm surge. These two hazards were assessed at a global level but given that although tropical cyclones are formed along the North Atlantic Ocean but do not occur in Europe, neither strong wings nor storm surge were modeled for European countries. Read More
Storm surge hazard is modeled only along the coastline. The process involves generating a grid along the coastline and 5km inland. In fact, no backwater effects were modeled, this is only due to the continent's contour map (shapefile) version used to create the grid mentioned on the coastline.
In this project Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones were not included in the hazard assessment process. We considered only tropical cyclones as storms that develop in areas of low pressure over tropical oceans, and that are associated with several hazards such as strong winds and storm surge. These two hazards were assessed at a global level but given that although tropical cyclones are formed along the North Atlantic Ocean but do not occur in Europe, neither strong wings nor storm surge were modeled for European countries. Read More